Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964

Section A Extract A (interpretation written for this paper in the style of a historian; not a real quotation): The Liberal reforms of 1906–14 marked a decisive break with the Victorian belief that poverty was a personal failing. Old age pensions, national insurance and free school meals laid the foundations of the welfare state, even if they were limited in scope. Extract B (interpretation written for this paper in the style of a historian; not a real quotation): The Liberal reforms were driven less by compassion than by fear: fear of Labour, fear of national decline after the Boer War recruitment scandal, and fear of Germany's efficiency. They were modest, contributory and carefully designed not to threaten the Liberal Party's middle-class supporters. Extract C (interpretation written for this paper in the style of a historian; not a real quotation): For many working-class families the reforms of 1906–14 made little immediate difference. Pensions were paid only to the over-70s, and national insurance covered only some trades. The real transformation of welfare came after 1945. Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to the significance of the Liberal welfare reforms of 1906–14.

Section B 'The extension of the franchise between 1867 and 1928 was the result of political party advantage rather than popular pressure.' Assess the validity of this view.

Section B How far did Britain's economic position decline in the years 1951 to 1964?