Paper 1: Understanding the modern world

Interpretation A (written for this paper; not a real historian's words): 'For ordinary Germans in the 1930s, the Nazis brought jobs, order and pride. Many willingly supported Hitler.' Interpretation B (written for this paper; not a real historian's words): 'Germans who disagreed with the Nazis lived in fear. The Gestapo, informers and concentration camps meant few dared to speak out.' How does Interpretation B differ from Interpretation A about German attitudes to the Nazi regime? Explain your answer based on what it says in Interpretations A and B.

Why might the authors of Interpretations A and B have a different interpretation? Explain your answer using Interpretations A and B and your contextual knowledge.

Which interpretation do you find more convincing? Explain your answer using Interpretations A and B and your contextual knowledge.

Describe two problems faced by the Weimar Republic in 1923.

In what ways did the lives of women change under Nazi rule? Explain your answer.

Which of the following was the more important reason why Hitler was able to become Chancellor in January 1933: • the Great Depression • the political deals of 1932–33? Explain your answer with reference to both bullet points.

Source A (written for this paper; fictional author typical of the period): a cartoon description — 'A British cartoon from 1938 shows Chamberlain carrying an umbrella, with Hitler smiling behind him holding a list of further demands.' Source A is critical of the Munich Agreement. How do you know? Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge.

Source B (written for this paper; fictional author typical of the period): from a letter by a Czech teacher, October 1938: 'Britain and France have handed us to Hitler. They talk of peace, but it is our country that pays the price.' Source C (written for this paper; fictional author typical of the period): from a speech by a British MP, September 1938: 'Mr Chamberlain has saved Europe from war. Who among us would send our sons to die for a quarrel in a faraway country?' How useful are Sources B and C to a historian studying the Munich Agreement? Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.

Write an account of how events in Czechoslovakia in 1938–39 led to growing tension in Europe.

'The main reason for the failure of the League of Nations was the Abyssinian crisis.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [16 marks + 4 SPaG]