Paper 4, Higher

Define the terms community and ecosystem.

Describe the stages of the water cycle.

Which term describes having two identical alleles for a gene?

Give three reasons why the theory of natural selection was only gradually accepted.

Which type of pathogen causes salmonella food poisoning?

Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced.

Name a drug originally extracted from a plant and one from a microorganism.

Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours.

Explain why fish stocks are declining and how they can be conserved.

Describe a method to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of decay of milk using lipase.

Explain how meiosis produces genetic variation.

Explain how rose black spot affects a plant and how it is controlled.

Give three uses of monoclonal antibodies.

Explain how a diet high in saturated fat can lead to a heart attack.

Polydactyly is caused by a dominant allele (D). A heterozygous parent and a parent without the condition have a child. Calculate the probability that the child has polydactyly, showing a Punnett square.

Describe how gonorrhoea is spread and controlled.

Explain why alcohol consumed during pregnancy can harm the baby.

Describe the work of Mendel and why it was not recognised at first.

Explain how plants defend themselves against pathogens and animals.

Explain why a decrease in the number of rabbits could affect the population of foxes and grass.

A student placed 10 quadrats of 1 m² randomly in a field of area 1200 m² and counted 48 daisies in total. Estimate the number of daisies in the field.

Describe the processes that cycle carbon between the atmosphere and living things.

Explain the terms gene, allele and genotype.

Explain how natural selection could lead to the evolution of camouflaged moths.

Explain why the three-domain system replaced the five-kingdom system.

Describe how measles and HIV are spread and how the spread can be reduced.

Explain how a vaccine protects a person against a disease.

Describe the stages in developing a new drug.

Calculate the BMI of a person with mass 82 kg and height 1.75 m. (BMI = mass ÷ height²)