Paper 1: Written examination

Which of these is an example of computer vision?

Artificial neural networks are loosely inspired by:

What is a variable?

Which expression is True only when `a` is greater than 5 and `b` is less than 3?

What is labelled data?

In reinforcement learning, an agent learns by:

Why should developers record performance outcomes when testing a model?

In a semantic network, what do the links (arcs) represent?

In AI planning, what is the initial state?

The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (2024) mainly regulates AI systems according to their:

A football academy wants a model to predict whether a player will be injured this season. Part of its data is shown.

Player	30 m sprint (s)	Distance per match (km)	Injured last season	Injured this season
P1	4.3	10.2	No	No
P2		9.8	Yes	No
P3	−3.2	11.0	Yes	Yes
P4	4.1	10.6	No	No
P1	4.3	10.2	No	No

State the label in this data.

Explain why the player's name should not be used as a feature.

Identify two problems with the data in 11(a) and explain how each should be dealt with before training.

The model is 90% accurate. Only 10% of players are injured each season. Explain why 90% accuracy may be misleading.

A robot follows a black line on a white floor. It has two light sensors, one on the left and one on the right, each reading black or white. The line runs between the two sensors. If one sensor sees black, the robot has drifted and must turn towards that side. If both sensors see black, the robot has reached the finish line and must stop. Complete the actions in the table.

Left sensor	Right sensor	Action
white	white	move forward
black	white	?
white	black	?
black	black	?

Write a routine, in pseudocode or Python, that makes the robot follow the line using the rules in 12(a) until it reaches the finish line.

Explain what could happen if the lighting in the room changes, and how this could be solved.

A route-planning AI finds the shortest route from Home to School. The roads and distances (km) are:

Road	Distance (km)
Home – A	4
Home – B	2
B – A	1
A – School	3
B – School	7

State the shortest route from Home to School and its total distance.

Road B – A is closed for repairs. State the new shortest route and its distance.

Explain why a sat-nav uses live traffic data when planning a route.

Explain why the shortest route is not always the best plan.

Explain how a social media app decides which posts to show a user.

Explain two negative impacts that recommendation algorithms on social media can have on young people.

Describe three ways a social media company could make its recommendation algorithm fairer or more transparent for young users.

def count_vowels(word):    count = 0    for letter in word.lower():        if letter in "aeiou":            count = count + 1    return count print(count_vowels("Robot"))

State the output of this program.

Explain the purpose of `.lower()` in the program in 15(a).

Write a program that asks the user to enter a word and uses `count_vowels` to output "Lots of vowels" if the word has more than 3 vowels, and "Few vowels" otherwise.

Explain why governments are introducing laws to regulate artificial intelligence. Refer to one example of a law or regulation in your answer.

A school library system stores these facts and one rule. Facts: Ali is a Year 10 student. Year 10 students can borrow up to 3 books. Ali has borrowed 2 books. Rule: IF a student has borrowed fewer books than their limit THEN the student can borrow another book. State the conclusion the system reaches about Ali.

Explain how the system reaches the conclusion in 17(a).

Describe how the facts in 17(a) could be shown as a semantic network.

Describe two important milestones in the history of artificial intelligence and explain the significance of each.

Compare optimistic and cautious views about the future development of artificial intelligence.

A secondary school plans to use an AI system to mark students' essays automatically and predict their final exam grades. Evaluate this plan.