Paper 1: Written examination

ELIZA, created in the 1960s, was an early example of:

How does a large language model (LLM) generate text?

What is printed by this code?

for i in range(3):    print(i)

What is decomposition?

Clustering is used to:

Why should data be cleaned before it is used to train a model?

A model correctly classifies 45 out of 60 test items. What is its accuracy?

What is an expert system?

Which control structure would make a security robot keep repeating its patrol route?

In generative AI, what is a 'hallucination'?

An online shop has the following data about six customers.

Customer	Visits per month	Average spend (£)
A	2	15
B	3	12
C	15	18
D	14	20
E	3	95
F	2	110

A clustering algorithm is used to group the customers into three clusters. Identify the three clusters and describe each one.

Explain why clustering is an example of unsupervised learning.

Suggest how the shop could use these clusters.

A new customer, G, visits 14 times per month and spends £16 on average. State which cluster G belongs to and explain why.

State one other feature the shop could add to improve the clustering.

A guard character in a video game is controlled by this routine.

WHILE game_running    IF player_visible THEN        chase(player)    ELSE IF heard_noise THEN        move_to(noise_location)    ELSE        patrol()    ENDIFENDWHILE

Identify two inputs from the environment that the guard uses.

The guard can see the player and hears a noise at the same time. State what the guard does and explain why.

Rewrite the routine so that if the guard's health is below 20 it retreats to base. This must take priority over everything else.

Explain why the guard can be described as an autonomous agent.

A garden centre wants an expert system to help customers identify plant diseases. Describe how an expert system like this is created and how it works.

Write two IF–THEN rules this expert system could use.

Analyse the limitations of the expert system when dealing with uncertain or unusual cases.

A student asks a generative AI chatbot for sources for a history essay. It gives a book reference that does not exist. Explain why large language models can produce false information like this.

Give two ways the student could use generative AI responsibly for their homework.

Explain one ethical concern about students using generative AI in work that is assessed for a qualification.

Describe how a large language model is trained.

An autonomous lawnmower has these inputs: - boundary sensor – detects the wire at the edge of the lawn - bump sensor – detects hitting an object - rain sensor - battery level (%) It should mow until the battery falls to 20% or below, or it starts to rain, and then return to its charging dock. When it reaches the boundary it should turn; if it bumps into something it should reverse and turn. Write an algorithm for this routine in pseudocode or Python.

Describe how the lawnmower routine could be tested in a simulated environment.

names = ["Ana", "Ben", "Cal"]scores = [72, 58, 91]for i in range(len(names)):    if scores[i] >= 60:        print(names[i], "pass")    else:        print(names[i], "retake")

State the output of this program.

The program uses lists. Explain why lists are used rather than a separate variable for each score.

Modify the program so that it also counts the number of students who passed and outputs this total at the end.

Explain two ways generative AI could be used to spread misinformation during an election.

Some police forces use "predictive policing" AI that analyses past crime data to predict where crimes are likely to happen. Discuss the ethical issues raised by this use of AI.

"A machine that can pass the Turing test is truly intelligent and can think." Evaluate this view.