Paper 1: Written examination

Machine learning is best described as:

Which AI system beat one of the world's best players at the board game Go in 2016?

Which data type is most suitable for storing whether a light is on or off?

Which logical structure is used when a program chooses between two different paths?

Which of these is an example of unsupervised learning?

Which of these is part of cleaning data before training a model?

What is training data?

The first question at the top of a decision tree is called the:

Which of these is an actuator rather than a sensor?

What does informed consent mean when collecting data for AI?

An email provider uses machine learning to filter spam. State two features of an email that the model could use.

Explain why the spam filter needs to be retrained regularly.

The filter wrongly sends an important job offer to the spam folder. Name this type of error and explain its impact.

The developers have 10 000 labelled emails. Describe how they should split the data and explain why.

This decision tree identifies animals.

Does it have feathers?├─ Yes → Can it fly?│         ├─ Yes → Eagle│         └─ No  → Penguin└─ No  → Does it live in water?          ├─ Yes → Dolphin          └─ No  → Does it have stripes?                    ├─ Yes → Tiger                    └─ No  → Elephant

State the outcome for an animal that has no feathers, lives on land and has stripes.

State the number of leaf nodes in the decision tree in 12(a).

Write the path to Penguin as a single IF–THEN rule.

A zebra (striped, no feathers, lives on land) is identified as a Tiger. Explain why this happens and how the tree could be improved.

temps = [14, 18, 21, 19, 25]total = 0for t in temps:    total = total + taverage = total / len(temps)print(average)

State the output of this program.

Identify the iteration construct in the program in 13(a) and describe what it does.

Extend the program in 13(a) so that it also counts and outputs how many temperatures are above 20.

State one suitable way to visualise this temperature data and explain why it is suitable.

A delivery drone has the goal of delivering a parcel to a house and returning to base. Construct a plan for the drone as a numbered list of steps or a flowchart. Your plan must include at least one decision.

Explain how data from a weather sensor should change the drone's plan.

Explain one reason why a human operator should be able to take control of the drone.

When it reaches the house, the drone must descend until its height sensor reads 0. If its downward obstacle sensor detects something below it, it must stop descending and hover. Write an algorithm for this routine.

Explain how a smart speaker uses AI to respond to a spoken command such as "Set a timer for ten minutes".

Explain two privacy risks of having a smart speaker in the home.

Explain why a basic calculator is not usually considered to be AI, but a smart speaker is.

A company trained an AI system to screen job applications using the CVs of employees it had hired over the past ten years. Most of those employees were men. Explain why the system may be biased, and suggest one way to reduce the bias.

Explain one way AI can help to tackle climate change, and state one way AI itself can harm the environment.

Describe the Turing test and give one criticism of it as a test of intelligence.

Explain why it is important for humans to stay "in the loop" when AI systems are used to make important decisions. Use examples in your answer.

A city council wants to replace its human-staffed telephone helpline with an AI chatbot that residents can use 24 hours a day. Evaluate this decision.