Biodiversity, evolution and disease

Which index is used to measure species diversity at a site?

Which is the correct order of taxonomic ranks from largest to smallest?

Which type of variation is most likely to be caused by many genes?

Which disease is caused by a protoctist?

Which cells produce antibodies?

Immunity gained from receiving antibodies in breast milk is:

In a survey, a student counted species A (20), B (15), C (10) and D (5). Calculate Simpson's index of diversity, D = 1 - Σ (n/N)².

Explain how the student should sample a meadow to ensure the results are representative.

Give three reasons for maintaining biodiversity.

Explain the evidence that antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of evolution by natural selection.

Explain why the three-domain system replaced the five-kingdom system.

Describe the primary immune response to a pathogen.

Describe three ways plants defend themselves against pathogens.

Explain why new antibiotics are needed.

Evaluate the methods used to control the spread of malaria.

Explain why the sickle cell allele is more common in parts of Africa where malaria is common.

Discuss how the structure of proteins is related to their functions in living organisms. Use examples from different areas of biology.

A student compared the length of ivy leaves growing in sunlight and in shade.

	Sun	Shade
Mean length / mm	42	58
Standard deviation / mm	5.1	6.3
Number of leaves	15	15

(a) Suggest a null hypothesis. (b) The student calculated t = 7.64. The critical value for 28 degrees of freedom at p = 0.05 is 2.05. What can she conclude? (c) Explain why a large sample size is important. (d) Suggest a biological explanation for the difference.