Paper 2: Biological diversity

Which index is used to measure species diversity at a site?

Which is the correct order of taxonomic ranks from largest to smallest?

Which type of variation is most likely to be caused by many genes?

Which disease is caused by a protoctist?

Which cells produce antibodies?

Immunity gained from receiving antibodies in breast milk is:

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygotes, what proportion of offspring are expected to be homozygous?

Which genes control the development of body plans in animals?

Which is an example of natural cloning in plants?

In batch culture, which phase is used to harvest secondary metabolites such as penicillin?

Which process converts ammonium ions to nitrite ions?

Which of these is a density-independent factor?

Which technique amplifies a small sample of DNA?

Genetic drift has the greatest effect in:

Which statistical test is appropriate to compare the means of two independent sets of data?

In a survey, a student counted species A (20), B (15), C (10) and D (5). Calculate Simpson's index of diversity, D = 1 - Σ (n/N)².

Explain how the student should sample a meadow to ensure the results are representative.

Give three reasons for maintaining biodiversity.

Explain the evidence that antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of evolution by natural selection.

Explain why the three-domain system replaced the five-kingdom system.

Describe the primary immune response to a pathogen.

Describe three ways plants defend themselves against pathogens.

Explain why new antibiotics are needed.

In a plant, purple flowers (P) are dominant to white (p), and tall (T) is dominant to short (t). A heterozygous purple tall plant is crossed with a white short plant. Draw a genetic diagram and give the expected phenotypic ratio.

The observed numbers were 48, 12, 14 and 46 out of 120. Explain why these results suggest the genes are linked.

Explain what is meant by epistasis.

Explain how the lac operon allows E. coli to respond to the presence of lactose.

Explain the importance of apoptosis in development.

Describe how micropropagation is used to produce large numbers of plants.

Compare batch and continuous culture in industrial fermentation.

Explain the predator–prey relationship between snowshoe hares and lynx, including why the predator peaks after the prey.

Discuss how conservation and economic needs can be balanced in a managed woodland.

Describe how gene sequencing has allowed scientists to develop synthetic biology and predict protein structure.

Discuss the ethical issues raised by genetic engineering in animals and plants.

Describe and explain the shape of a population growth curve for a species introduced to a new habitat.

Explain what is meant by deflected succession, giving an example of how it is used in conservation.

Evaluate the methods used to control the spread of malaria.